A systematic review of the role of videolaryngoscopy in successful orotracheal intubation

BMC Anesthesiology

David W Healy¹  Oana Maties¹  David Hovord¹  Sachin Kheterpal¹ 

[1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Hospital, 1500 East Medical Center Drive 1H247, Box 0048, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA

关键词: Technology;    Intubation;    Airway management;    Laryngoscopy;   

Others  :  816954
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2253-12-32

 received in 2012-05-10, accepted in 2012-11-29,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

The purpose of our study was to organize the literature regarding the efficacy of modern videolaryngoscopes in oral endotracheal intubation, then perform a quality assessment according to recommended external criteria and make recommendations for use.

Methods

Inclusion criteria included devices with recent studies of human subjects. A total of 980 articles were returned in the initial search and 65 additional items were identified using cited references. After exclusion of articles failing to meet study criteria, 77 articles remained. Data were extracted according to the rate of successful intubation and improvement of glottic view compared with direct laryngoscopy. Studies were classified according to whether they primarily examined subjects with normal airways, possessing risk factors for difficult direct laryngoscopy, or following difficult or failed direct laryngoscopy.

Results

The evidence of efficacy for videolaryngoscopy in the difficult airway is limited. What evidence exists is both randomized prospective and observational in nature, requiring a scheme that evaluates both forms and allows recommendations to be made.

Conclusions

In patients at higher risk of difficult laryngoscopy we recommend the use of the Airtraq, CTrach, GlideScope, Pentax AWS and V-MAC to achieve successful intubation. In difficult direct laryngoscopy (C&L >/= 3) we cautiously recommend the use of the Airtraq, Bonfils, Bullard, CTrach, GlideScope, and Pentax AWS, by an operator with reasonable prior experience, to achieve successful intubation when used in accordance with the ASA practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. There is additional evidence to support the use of the Airtraq, Bonfils, CTrach, GlideScope, McGrath, and Pentax AWS following failed intubation via direct laryngoscopy to achieve successful intubation. Future investigation would benefit from precise qualification of the subjects under study, and an improvement in overall methodology to include randomization and blinding.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Healy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Macintosh DM: A new laryngoscope. Lancet 1943, 241(6233):205.
• [2]Miller RA: A new laryngoscope. Anesthesiology 1941, 2(3):310-316.
• [3]Finucane BT, Santora AH: Principles of Airway Management. 3rd edition. Heidelberg: Springer; 2003.
• [4]Agro F, Barzoi G, Montecchia F: Tracheal intubation using a Macintosh laryngoscope or a GlideScope in 15 patients with cervical spine immobilization. Br J Anaesth 2003, 90(5):705-706.
• [5]Cormack RS, Lehane J: Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 1984, 39(11):1105-1111.
• [6]Satava RM, Gooden SM: The impact of video endoscopy on surgical training. Am Surg 1989, 55(5):263-266.
• [7]Thong SY, Lim Y: Video and optic laryngoscopy assisted tracheal intubation–the new era. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009, 37(2):219-233.
• [8]Niforopoulou P, Pantazopoulos I, Demestiha T, Koudouna E, Xanthos T: Video-laryngoscopes in the adult airway management: a topical review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010, 54(9):1050-1061.
• [9]Pott LM, Murray WB: Review of video laryngoscopy and rigid fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008, 21(6):750-758.
• [10]Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A: Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology 2005, 103(2):429-437.
• [11]Mihai R, Blair E, Kay H, Cook TM: A quantitative review and meta-analysis of performance of non-standard laryngoscopes and rigid fibreoptic intubation aids. Anaesthesia 2008, 63(7):745-760.
• [12]SIGN 50: A Guideline Developer’s Handbook: SIGN 50: A guideline developer’s handbook. Edinburgh: EH7 5EA; 2008.
• [13]Maharaj CH, O’Croinin D, Curley G, Harte BH, Laffey JG: A comparison of tracheal intubation using the Airtraq or the Macintosh laryngoscope in routine airway management: A randomised, controlled clinical trial. Anaesthesia 2006, 61(11):1093-1099.
• [14]Maharaj CH, Buckley E, Harte BH, Laffey JG: Endotracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilization: a comparison of Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopes. Anesthesiology 2007, 107(1):53-59.
• [15]Maharaj CH, Costello JF, McDonnell JG, Harte BH, Laffey JG: The Airtraq as a rescue airway device following failed direct laryngoscopy: a case series. Anaesthesia 2007, 62(6):598-601.
• [16]Ndoko SK, Slavov V, Tual L, Gilles D: Airtraq laryngoscope in tracheal intubation of anticipated difficult airway patients. Anesthesiology 2007, 107:A604.
• [17]Arslan ZI, Yildiz T, Baykara ZN, Solak M, Toker K: Tracheal intubation in patients with rigid collar immobilisation of the cervical spine: a comparison of Airtraq and LMA CTrach devices. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(12):1332-1336.
• [18]Dhonneur G, Abdi W, Ndoko SK, Amathieu R, Risk N, El Housseini L, Polliand C, Champault G, Combes X, Tual L: Video-assisted versus conventional tracheal intubation in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2009, 19(8):1096-1101.
• [19]Lange M, Frommer M, Redel A, Trautner H, Hampel J, Kranke P, Kehl F, Scholtz LU, Roewer N: Comparison of the Glidescope and Airtraq optical laryngoscopes in patients undergoing direct microlaryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(3):323-328.
• [20]Malin E, Montblanc J, Ynineb Y, Marret E, Bonnet F: Performance of the Airtraq laryngoscope after failed conventional tracheal intubation: a case series. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009, 53(7):858-863.
• [21]Turkstra TP, Pelz DM, Jones PM: Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison of the AirTraq Laryngoscope versus the Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesthesiology 2009, 111(1):97-101.
• [22]Chalkeidis O, Kotsovolis G, Kalakonas A, Filippidou M, Triantafyllou C, Vaikos D, Koutsioumpas E: A comparison between the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes for routine airway management by experienced anesthesiologists: a randomized clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2010, 48(1):15-20.
• [23]Koh JC, Lee JS, Lee YW, Chang CH: Comparison of the laryngeal view during intubation using Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization and mouth opening limitation. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010, 59(5):314-318.
• [24]Halligan M, Charters P: A clinical evaluation of the Bonfils Intubation Fibrescope. Anaesthesia 2003, 58(11):1087-1091.
• [25]Wong P: Intubation times for using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope. Br J Anaesth 2003, 91(5):757. author reply 757–758
• [26]Bein B, Worthmann F, Scholz J, Brinkmann F, Tonner PH, Steinfath M, Dorges V: A comparison of the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the Bonfils intubation fibrescope in patients with predicted difficult airways. Anaesthesia 2004, 59(7):668-674.
• [27]Bein B, Yan M, Tonner PH, Scholz J, Steinfath M, Dorges V: Tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope after failed direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2004, 59(12):1207-1209.
• [28]Wahlen BM, Gercek E: Three-dimensional cervical spine movement during intubation using the Macintosh and Bullard laryngoscopes, the Bonfils fibrescope and the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004, 21(11):907-913.
• [29]Byhahn C, Nemetz S, Breitkreutz R, Zwissler B, Kaufmann M, Meininger D: Brief report: tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope or direct laryngoscopy for patients with a simulated difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 2008, 55(4):232-237.
• [30]Corbanese U, Morossi M: The Bonfils intubation fibrescope: clinical evaluation and consideration of the learning curve. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009, 26(7):622-624.
• [31]Corso RM, Gambale G, Piraccini E, Petrini F: Emergency airway management using the Bonfils intubation fiberscope. Intern Emerg Med 2010, 5(5):447-449.
• [32]MacQuarrie K, Hung OR, Law JA: Tracheal intubation using Bullard laryngoscope for patients with a simulated difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 1999, 46(8):760-765.
• [33]Shulman GB, Connelly NR: A comparison of the Bullard laryngoscope versus the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope during intubation in patients afforded inline stabilization. J Clin Anesth 2001, 13(3):182-185.
• [34]Nileshwar A, Thudamaladinne A: Comparison of intubating laryngeal mask airway and Bullard laryngoscope for oro-tracheal intubation in adult patients with simulated limitation of cervical movements. Br J Anaesth 2007, 99(2):292-296.
• [35]Teoh WH, Saxena S, Shah MK, Sia AT: Comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: Pentax Airway Scope, C-MAC, Glidescope vs the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2010, 65(11):1126-1132.
• [36]Dhonneur G, Ndoko SK, Yavchitz A, Foucrier A, Fessenmeyer C, Pollian C, Combes X, Tual L: Tracheal intubation of morbidly obese patients: LMA CTrach vs direct laryngoscopy. Br J Anaesth 2006, 97(5):742-745.
• [37]Goldman AJ, Wender R, Rosenblatt W, Theil D: The fiberoptic Intubating LMA-CTrach: an initial device evaluation. Anesth Analg 2006, 103(2):508.
• [38]Goldman AJ, Rosenblatt WH: The LMA CTrach in airway resuscitation: six case reports. Anaesthesia 2006, 61(10):975-977.
• [39]Liu EH, Goy RW, Chen FG: The LMA CTrach, a new laryngeal mask airway for endotracheal intubation under vision: evaluation in 100 patients. Br J Anaesth 2006, 96(3):396-400.
• [40]Timmermann A, Russo S, Natge U, Heuer J, Graf BM: [LMA CTrach: initial experiences in patients with difficult-to-manage airways]. Anaesthesist 2006, 55(5):528-534.
• [41]Timmermann A, Russo S, Graf BM: Evaluation of the CTrach–an intubating LMA with integrated fibreoptic system. Br J Anaesth 2006, 96(4):516-521.
• [42]Cattano D, Pesetti B, Di Salvo C, Giunta F: Evaluation of the LMA CTrach. Br J Anaesth 2007, 98(3):409. author reply 409
• [43]Dhonneur G, Ndoko SK: Tracheal intubation with the LMA CTrach or direct laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2007, 104(1):227.
• [44]Ng SY, Ithnin E, Lim Y: Comparison of airway management during anaesthesia using the laryngeal mask airway CTrach and Glidescope. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007, 35(5):736-742.
• [45]Liu EH, Goy RW, Lim Y, Chen FG: Success of tracheal intubation with intubating laryngeal mask airways: a randomized trial of the LMA Fastrach and LMA CTrach. Anesthesiology 2008, 108(4):621-626.
• [46]Nickel EA, Timmermann A, Roessler M, Cremer S, Russo SG: Out-of-hospital airway management with the LMA CTrach–a prospective evaluation. Resuscitation 2008, 79(2):212-218.
• [47]Liu EH, Wender R, Goldman AJ: The LMA CTrach in patients with difficult airways. Anesthesiology 2009, 110(4):941-943.
• [48]Malik MA, Subramaniam R, Churasia S, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG: Tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilization: a comparison of the Airwayscope, LMA CTrach, and the Macintosh laryngoscopes. Br J Anaesth 2009, 102(5):654-661.
• [49]Ng BS, Goy RW, Bain JA, Chen FG, Liu EH: The impact of manual in-line stabilisation on ventilation and visualisation of the glottis with the LMA CTrach: a randomised crossover trial. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(8):894-898.
• [50]Swadia VN, Patel MG: Our preliminary experience with LMA C-Trach. Indian J Anaesth 2009, 53(3):312-317.
• [51]Cooper RM, Pacey JA, Bishop MJ, McCluskey SA: Early clinical experience with a new videolaryngoscope (GlideScope) in 728 patients. Can J Anaesth 2005, 52(2):191-198.
• [52]Doyle JD, Ramachandran M, Zura A, Ryckman JV, Abdelmalak B: The GlideScope video laryngoscope: clinical experience in 747 Cases. Anesthesiology 2005, 103:A842.
• [53]Hsiao WT, Lin YH, Wu HS, Chen CL: Does a new videolaryngoscope (glidescope) provide better glottic exposure? Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2005, 43(3):147-151.
• [54]Lim Y, Yeo SW: A comparison of the GlideScope with the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with simulated difficult airway. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005, 33(2):243-247.
• [55]Rai MR, Dering A, Verghese C: The Glidescope system: a clinical assessment of performance. Anaesthesia 2005, 60(1):60-64.
• [56]Sun DA, Warriner CB, Parsons DG, Klein R, Umedaly HS, Moult M: The GlideScope video laryngoscope: randomized clinical trial in 200 patients. Br J Anaesth 2005, 94(3):381-384.
• [57]Turkstra TP, Craen RA, Pelz DM, Gelb AW: Cervical spine motion: a fluoroscopic comparison during intubation with lighted stylet, GlideScope, and Macintosh laryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2005, 101(3):910-915.
• [58]Xue FS, Zhang GH, Liu J, Li XY, Yang QY, Xu YC, Li CW: The clinical assessment of GlideScope in orotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. Minerva Anestesiol 2007, 73(9):451-457.
• [59]Malik MA, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG: Comparison of Macintosh, Truview EVO2, GlideScope, and Airwayscope laryngoscope use in patients with cervical spine immobilization. Br J Anaesth 2008, 101(5):723-730.
• [60]Tremblay MH, Williams S, Robitaille A, Drolet P: Poor visualization during direct laryngoscopy and high upper lip bite test score are predictors of difficult intubation with the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Anesth Analg 2008, 106(5):1495-1500.
• [61]Robitaille A, Williams SR, Tremblay MH, Guilbert F, Theriault M, Drolet P: Cervical spine motion during tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization: direct laryngoscopy versus GlideScope videolaryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2008, 106(3):935-941.
• [62]Bathory I, Frascarolo P, Kern C, Schoettker P: Evaluation of the GlideScope for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semi-rigid collar. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(12):1337-1341.
• [63]Stroumpoulis K, Pagoulatou A, Violari M, Ikonomou I, Kalantzi N, Kastrinaki K, Xanthos T, Michaloliakou C: Videolaryngoscopy in the management of the difficult airway: a comparison with the Macintosh blade. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009, 26(3):218-222.
• [64]Liu EH, Goy RW, Tan BH, Asai T: Tracheal intubation with videolaryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine immobilization: a randomized trial of the airway scope(R) and the glidescope(R). Br J Anaesth 2009, 103(3):446-451.
• [65]Maassen R, Lee R, Hermans B, Marcus M, van Zundert A: A comparison of three videolaryngoscopes: the Macintosh laryngoscope blade reduces, but does not replace, routine stylet use for intubation in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 2009, 109(5):1560-1565.
• [66]Malik MA, Subramaniam R, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG: Randomized controlled trial of the Pentax AWS, Glidescope, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in predicted difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 2009, 103(5):761-768.
• [67]Nouruzi-Sedeh P, Schumann M, Groeben H: Laryngoscopy via Macintosh blade versus GlideScope: success rate and time for endotracheal intubation in untrained medical personnel. Anesthesiology 2009, 110(1):32-37.
• [68]Teoh WH, Shah MK, Sia AT: Randomised comparison of Pentax AirwayScope and GlideScope for tracheal intubation in patients with normal airway anatomy. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(10):1125-1129.
• [69]Turkstra TP, Jones PM, Ower KM, Gros ML: The Flex-It stylet is less effective than a malleable stylet for orotracheal intubation using the GlideScope. Anesth Analg 2009, 109(6):1856-1859.
• [70]van Zundert A, Maassen R, Lee R, Willems R, Timmerman M, Siemonsma M, Buise M, Wiepking M: A Macintosh laryngoscope blade for videolaryngoscopy reduces stylet use in patients with normal airways. Anesth Analg 2009, 109(3):825-831.
• [71]Hirabayashi Y, Otsuka Y, Seo N: GlideScope videolaryngoscope reduces the incidence of erroneous esophageal intubation by novice laryngoscopists. J Anesth 2010, 24(2):303-305.
• [72]Serocki G, Bein B, Scholz J, Dorges V: Management of the predicted difficult airway: a comparison of conventional blade laryngoscopy with video-assisted blade laryngoscopy and the GlideScope. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010, 27(1):24-30.
• [73]Siu LW, Mathieson E, Naik VN, Chandra D, Joo HS: Patient- and operator-related factors associated with successful GlideScope intubations: a prospective observational study in 742 patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010, 38(1):70-75.
• [74]Aziz MF, Healy D, Kheterpal S, Fu RF, Dillman D, Brambrink AM: Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the glidescope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions. Anesthesiology 2011, 114(1):34-41.
• [75]Shippey B, Ray D, McKeown D: Case series: the McGrath videolaryngoscope–an initial clinical evaluation. Can J Anaesth 2007, 54(4):307-313.
• [76]O’Leary AM, Sandison MR, Myneni N, Cirilla DJ, Roberts KW, Deane GD: Preliminary evaluation of a novel videolaryngoscope, the McGrath series 5, in the management of difficult and challenging endotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth 2008, 20(4):320-321.
• [77]Walker L, Brampton W, Halai M, Hoy C, Lee E, Scott I, McLernon DJ: Randomized controlled trial of intubation with the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope by inexperienced anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009, 103(3):440-445.
• [78]Hughes CG, Mathews L, Easdown J, Pandharipande PP: The McGrath video laryngoscope in unstable cervical spine surgery: a case series. J Clin Anesth 2010, 22(7):575-576.
• [79]Noppens RR, Mobus S, Heid F, Schmidtmann I, Werner C, Piepho T: Evaluation of the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope after failed direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2010, 65(7):716-720.
• [80]Asai T, Enomoto Y, Shimizu K, Shingu K, Okuda Y: The Pentax-AWS video-laryngoscope: the first experience in one hundred patients. Anesth Analg 2008, 106(1):257-259.
• [81]Enomoto Y, Asai T, Arai T, Kamishima K, Okuda Y: Pentax-AWS, a new videolaryngoscope, is more effective than the Macintosh laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in patients with restricted neck movements: a randomized comparative study. Br J Anaesth 2008, 100(4):544-548.
• [82]Hirabayashi Y, Seo N: Airway Scope: early clinical experience in 405 patients. J Anesth 2008, 22(1):81-85.
• [83]Suzuki A, Toyama Y, Katsumi N, Kunisawa T, Sasaki R, Hirota K, Henderson JJ, Iwasaki H: The Pentax-AWS((R)) rigid indirect video laryngoscope: clinical assessment of performance in 320 cases. Anaesthesia 2008, 63(6):641-647.
• [84]Asai T, Liu EH, Matsumoto S, Hirabayashi Y, Seo N, Suzuki A, Toi T, Yasumoto K, Okuda Y: Use of the Pentax-AWS in 293 patients with difficult airways. Anesthesiology 2009, 110(4):898-904.
• [85]Hirabayashi Y, Seo N: Tracheal intubation by non-anesthesia residents using the Pentax-AWS airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope. J Clin Anesth 2009, 21(4):268-271.
• [86]Kaplan MB, Hagberg CA, Ward DS, Brambrink A, Chhibber AK, Heidegger T, Lozada L, Ovassapian A, Parsons D, Ramsay J, et al.: Comparison of direct and video-assisted views of the larynx during routine intubation. J Clin Anesth 2006, 18(5):357-362.
• [87]Cavus E, Kieckhaefer J, Doerges V, Moeller T, Thee C, Wagner K: The C-MAC videolaryngoscope: first experiences with a new device for videolaryngoscopy-guided intubation. Anesth Analg 2009.
• [88]Jungbauer A, Schumann M, Brunkhorst V, Borgers A, Groeben H: Expected difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective comparison of direct laryngoscopy and video laryngoscopy in 200 patients. Br J Anaesth 2009, 102(4):546-550.
• [89]Meininger D, Strouhal U, Weber CF, Fogl D, Holzer L, Zacharowski K, Byhahn C: [Direct laryngoscopy or C-MAC video laryngoscopy? Routine tracheal intubation in patients undergoing ENT surgery]. Anaesthesist 2010, 59(9):806-811.
• [90]Hirabayashi Y, Seo N: Airtraq optical laryngoscope: tracheal intubation by novice laryngoscopists. Emerg Med J 2009, 26(2):112-113.
• [91]Yildiz TS, Ozdamar D, Arslan I, Solak M, Toker K: The LMA CTrach in morbidly obese and lean patients undergoing gynecological procedures: a comparative study. J Anesth 2010, 24(6):849-853.
• [92]Lim HC, Goh SH: Utilization of a GlideScope videolaryngoscope for orotracheal intubations in different emergency airway management settings. Eur J Emerg Med 2009, 16(2):68-73.
• [93]Choi HJ, Kang HG, Lim TH, Chung HS, Cho J, Oh YM, Kim YM: Endotracheal intubation using a GlideScope video laryngoscope by emergency physicians: a multicentre analysis of 345 attempts in adult patients. Emerg Med J 2010, 27(5):380-382.
• [94]Cooper RM: The glidescope videolaryngoscope. Anaesthesia 2005, 60(10):1042.
• [95]Malik MA, O’Donoghue C, Carney J, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG: Comparison of the glidescope, the pentax AWS, and the Truview EVO2 with the Macintosh laryngoscope in experienced anaesthetists: a manikin study. Br J Anaesth 2009, 102(1):128-134.
• [96]Hirabayashi Y, Seo N: In-line head and neck position is preferable for tracheal intubation with the Airtraq laryngoscope compared to the sniffing position. J Anesth 2008, 22(2):189-190.
• [97]Ochroch EA, Hollander JE, Kush S, Shofer FS, Levitan RM: Assessment of laryngeal view: percentage of glottic opening score vs Cormack and Lehane grading. Can J Anaesth 1999, 46(10):987-990.
• [98]Cattano D, Panicucci E, Paolicchi A, Forfori F, Giunta F, Hagberg C: Risk factors assessment of the difficult airway: an italian survey of 1956 patients. Anesth Analg 2004, 99(6):1774-1779.
• [99]Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on management of the difficult airway Anesthesiology 2003, 98(5):1269-1277.
• [100]West S, King V, Carey T: systems to rate the strength of scientific evidence. evidence report/technology assessment no. 47 (prepared by the research triangle institute-university of North Carolina evidence-based practice center under contract no. 290-97-0011). In Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No 47 (Prepared by the Research Triangle Institute-University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No 290-97-0011). Rockville, MD; 2002.
• [101]Cooper RM: Complications associated with the use of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 2007, 54(1):54-57.
• [102]Cross P, Cytryn J, Cheng KK: Perforation of the soft palate using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 2007, 54(7):588-589.
• [103]Hsu WT, Hsu SC, Lee YL, Huang JS, Chen CL: Penetrating injury of the soft palate during GlideScope intubation. Anesth Analg 2007, 104(6):1609-1610. discussion 1611
• [104]Leong WL, Lim Y, Sia AT: Palatopharyngeal wall perforation during GlideScope intubation. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008, 36(6):870-874.
• [105]Malik AM, Frogel JK: Anterior tonsillar pillar perforation during glidescope video laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2007, 104(6):1610-1611. discussion 1611
• [106]Uslu B, Damgaard Nielsen R, Kristensen BB: McGrath videolaryngoscope for awake tracheal intubation in a patient with severe ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Anaesth 2010, 104(1):118-119.
• [107]Vincent RD Jr, Wimberly MP, Brockwell RC, Magnuson JS: Soft palate perforation during orotracheal intubation facilitated by the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. J Clin Anesth 2007, 19(8):619-621.
• [108]Williams D, Ball DR: Palatal perforation associated with McGrath videolaryngoscope. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(10):1144-1145.
• [109]Mort TC: Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth Analg 2004, 99(2):607-613.
• [110]Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC: Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2004, 59(7):675-694.