A novel exploratory chemometric approach to environmental monitorring by combining block clustering with Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis

Chemistry Central Journal

Dragos V Nica²  Despina Maria Bordean¹  Ioan Pet²  Elena Pet⁴  Simion Alda³  Iosif Gergen¹ 

[1] Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Faculty of Food Processing Technology, Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO 300645, Romania

[2] Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Biotechnologies, Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO 300645, Romania

[3] Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Faculty of Agriculture, Timisoara, RO 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Romania

[4] Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Faculty of Agricol Management, Timisoara, RO 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Romania

关键词: Trophic chain;    Snails;    Vegetables;    Soils;    PLS;    Block clustering;    Metals;   

Others  :  787848
DOI  :  10.1186/1752-153X-7-145

 received in 2013-05-21, accepted in 2013-08-27,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Given the serious threats posed to terrestrial ecosystems by industrial contamination, environmental monitoring is a standard procedure used for assessing the current status of an environment or trends in environmental parameters. Measurement of metal concentrations at different trophic levels followed by their statistical analysis using exploratory multivariate methods can provide meaningful information on the status of environmental quality. In this context, the present paper proposes a novel chemometric approach to standard statistical methods by combining the Block clustering with Partial least square (PLS) analysis to investigate the accumulation patterns of metals in anthropized terrestrial ecosystems. The present study focused on copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, cadmium, nickel, and lead transfer along a soil-plant-snai food chain, and the hepatopancreas of the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) was used as a biological end-point of metal accumulation.

Results

Block clustering deliniates between the areas exposed to industrial and vehicular contamination. The toxic metals have similar distributions in the nettle leaves and snail hepatopancreas. PLS analysis showed that (1) zinc and copper concentrations at the lower trophic levels are the most important latent factors that contribute to metal accumulation in land snails; (2) cadmium and lead are the main determinants of pollution pattern in areas exposed to industrial contamination; (3) at the sites located near roads lead is the most threatfull metal for terrestrial ecosystems.

Conclusion

There were three major benefits by applying block clustering with PLS for processing the obtained data: firstly, it helped in grouping sites depending on the type of contamination. Secondly, it was valuable for identifying the latent factors that contribute the most to metal accumulation in land snails. Finally, it optimized the number and type of data that are best for monitoring the status of metallic contamination in terrestrial ecosystems exposed to different kinds of anthropic polution.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Nica et al.; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Bordean DM: Ecologie si protectia mediului. Timisoara: Agroprint; 2011.
• [2]Nriagu JO: A silent epidemic of environmental metal poisoning? Environ Pollut 1989, 50(1–2):136-161.
• [3]McBride MB: Toxic metal accumulation from agricultural use of sludge—Are USEPA regulations protective? J Environ Qual 1995, 24:5-18.
• [4]Kozlov MV, Vorobeichik EL: Impact of point polluters on terrestrial ecosystems: presentation of results in publications. Russ J Ecol 2012, 43(4):265-272.
• [5]Singh KP, Malik A, Mohan D, Sinha S: Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India): a case study. Water Res 2004, 38(18):3980-3992.
• [6]Mico C, Recatala L, Peris M, Sanchez J: Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere 2006, 65(5):863-872.
• [7]Gergen I, Harmanescu M: Application of principal component analysis in the pollution assessment with heavy metals of vegetable food chain in the old mining areas. Chem Cent J 2012, 6:156. BioMed Central Full Text
• [8]Filimon MN, Nica DV, Ostafe V, Bordean DM, Borozan AB, Vlad DC, Popescu R: Use of enzymatic tools for biomonitoring inorganic pollution in aquatic sediments: a case study (Bor, Serbia). Chem Cent J 2013, 7:59. BioMed Central Full Text
• [9]Jambu M: Exploratory and multivariate data analysis. San Diego: Academic Press; 1991.
• [10]Cunningham P: Dimension reduction. http://www.bradblock.com/Dimension_Reduction.pdf webcite
• [11]Roberts S, Martin MA: Using supervised principal components analysis to assess multiple pollutant effects. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114(12):1877-1882.
• [12]Lucas L, Jauzein M: Use of principal component analysis to profile temporal and spatial variations of chlorinated solvent concentration in groundwater. Environ Pollut 2006, 151(1):205-212.
• [13]Struck BD, Pelzer R, Ostapczuk P, Emons H, Mohl C: Statistical evaluation of ecosystem properties influencing the uptake of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) and common mussel (Mytilus edulis). Sci Total Environ 1997, 207(1):29-42.
• [14]Lin YP, Teng TP, Chang TK: Multivariate analysis of soil heavy metal pollution and landscape patterns analysis in Changhua County in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Plan 2002, 62(1):19-35.
• [15]Arrindell WA, van der Ende J: An empirical test of the utility of the observations-to-variables ratio in factor and components analysis. Applied Psychological Measurement 1985, 9:165-178.
• [16]Nash MS, Chaloud MD: Multivariate analyses (Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Square, PLS) to model and assess the association of landscape metrics to surface water chemical and biological properties using Savannah River Basin Data. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA: Technical Report EPA/600-R-02-091; 2002. http://www.epa.gov/esd/land-sci/pdf/073leb03.pdf webcite
• [17]Starkweather J: An alternative modeling strategy: partial least squares. http://www.unt.edu/rss/class/Jon/Benchmarks/PLS_JDS_July2011.pdf webcite
• [18]Wathern P: Environmental impact assessment: theory and practice. Burgess Hill: Selwood Printing Ltd.; 1990.
• [19]Nica DV, Bura M, Gergen I, Harmanescu M, Bordean D-M: Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain. Chem Centr J 2012, 6:55. BioMed Central Full Text
• [20]Lollar BS: Environmental geochemistry. Boston: Elsevier; 2005.
• [21]Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR): The ATSDR 2011 substance priority list. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/SPL/index.html webcite
• [22]MWFEP (Romania Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection): Ordinul nr. 756/1997 al Ministerului Apelor, Padurilor şi Protecţiei Mediului pentru aprobarea Reglementării privind evaluarea poluarii mediului modificat de Ordinul nr. 1144/2002 al Ministerului Apelor şi Protecţei Mediului. http://www.unimed.ro/Ordin%20nr.%201144-2002.pdf webcite
• [23]Khan MS, Zaidi A, Goel R, Musarrat J: Bio-management of metal-contaminated soils. Dordrecht: Springer; 2011.
• [24]Gupta DK, Sandalio LM: Metal toxicity in plants: perception, signaling and remediation. Dordrecht: Springer; 2012.
• [25]Dallinger R, Berger B, Triebskorn-Kohler R, Kohler H: Soil biology and ecotoxicology. In The biology of terrestrial molluscs. Edited by Barker GM. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2001:489-525.
• [26]Dallinger R, Chabicovsky M, Hodl E, Prem C, Hunziker P, Manzl C: Copper in Helix pomatia(Gastropoda) is regulated by one single cell type: differently responsive metal pools in rhogocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005, 289:R1185-R1195.
• [27]Landfill Guidelines 2000http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/waste/landfills/4139_landfill.pdf webcite
• [28]Mihai D: Apa cu nitrati - otrava din fantanile timisenilor. http://www.timpolis.ro/articol-apa-cu-nitrati-otrava-din-fantanile-timisenilor-21607.html webcite
• [29]Bordean D-M, Gergen I, Pirvu D, Gogoasa I, Pirvulescu L: Studies concerning heavy metal pollution in Banat area. Bul USAMV-CN 2006, 62:415.
• [30]Smith EA: The zinc industry. London: General Books LLC; 2010.
• [31]Spangler JG: Air manganese levels and chronic liver disease mortality in North Carolina counties: an ecological study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012 2012, 9(9):3258-3263.
• [32]Borza I, Tarau D, Sala F, Tarau F, Iordache M: Quality state of soils from West of Romania and measures for their fertility restoration. RJAS 2007, 39:161-166.
• [33]Wold S: Chemometric methods in molecular designmethods and principles in medicinal chemistry. Verlag-Chemie: Weinheim; 1995.
• [34]Nica DV, Bordean D-M, Borozan AB, Gergen I, Bura M, Banatean Dunea I: Use of land snails (Pulmonata) for monitoring copper pollution in terrestrial ecosystems. Rev Environ Contam T 2013, 225:95-137.
• [35]Bordean D-M, Goian M: Cercetari cu privire la acumularea unor metale grele in organisme si principalele metode de detoxifiere. Timisoara: Eurobit; 2010.
• [36]Paliulis D, Uselyte I, Couch W: Experimental investigations of heavy metals concentrations in the ground of section Kazlu Ruda. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Environmental Engineering. Edited by Cygas K, Froehner D. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnus: Technika; 2008:267-273.
• [37]Hillinger N, Olaru M, Turnock D: The role of industrial archaeology in conservation: the Reşiţa area of the Romanian Carpathians. GeoJournal 2003, 55:607-630.
• [38]Statistica 10http://www.statsoft.com/products/statistica-10-new-features/ webcite