The Society of Brains: How Alan Turing and Marvin Minsky Were Both Right

4th International Workshop on Statistical Physics and Mathematics for Complex Systems

物理学;数学

Struzik, Zbigniew R.^1,2,3

RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi

351-0198, Japan^1

Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo

113-0033, Japan^2

Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdask, Wita Stwosza 57, Gdansk

PL-80-952, Poland^3

关键词: Computer intelligences;    Human intelligence;    Interacting agents;    Machine intelligence;    PageRank algorithm;    Static knowledge;    Turing tests;    Web search tools;   

Others  :  https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/604/1/012016/pdf
DOI  :  10.1088/1742-6596/604/1/012016

来源: IOP

【 摘 要 】

In his well-known prediction, Alan Turing stated that computer intelligence would surpass human intelligence by the year 2000. Although the Turing Test, as it became known, was devised to be played by one human against one computer, this is not a fair setup. Every human is a part of a social network, and a fairer comparison would be a contest between one human at the console and a network of computers behind the console. Around the year 2000, the number of web pages on the WWW overtook the number of neurons in the human brain. But these websites would be of little use without the ability to search for knowledge. By the year 2000 Google Inc. had become the search engine of choice, and the WWW became an intelligent entity. This was not without good reason. The basis for the search engine was the analysis of the 'network of knowledge'. The PageRank algorithm, linking information on the web according to the hierarchy of 'link popularity', continues to provide the basis for all of Google's web search tools. While PageRank was developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1996 as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine, PageRank is in its essence the key to representing and using static knowledge in an emergent intelligent system. Here I argue that Alan Turing was right, as hybrid human-computer internet machines have already surpassed our individual intelligence - this was done around the year 2000 by the Internet - the socially-minded, human-computer hybrid Homo computabilis-socialis. Ironically, the Internet's intelligence also emerged to a large extent from 'exploiting' humans - the key to the emergence of machine intelligence has been discussed by Marvin Minsky in his work on the foundations of intelligence through interacting agents' knowledge. As a consequence, a decade and a half decade into the 21st century, we appear to be much better equipped to tackle the problem of the social origins of humanity - in particular thanks to the power of the intelligent partner-in-the-quest machine, however, we should not wait too long